In 1955, Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister, was awarded the Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian honor in the country. This prestigious award was presented to him by then-President Rajendra Prasad, who notably emphasized that he was taking this step on his own initiative. This recognition was not just a testament to Nehru’s monumental contributions to India’s independence movement but also to his unparalleled role in shaping the nascent nation post-independence.
Context of the Bharat Ratna Award
The Bharat Ratna, instituted in 1954, is awarded for exceptional service towards the advancement of art, literature, science, and public services of the highest order. Jawaharlal Nehru, affectionately known as “Pandit Nehru,” was the first Prime Minister of independent India and a central figure in Indian politics both before and after independence.
Nehru’s Role in the Freedom Struggle
Nehru’s journey to the Bharat Ratna began with his active involvement in India’s struggle for independence. A close associate of Mahatma Gandhi, Nehru played a crucial role in the Indian National Congress and participated in several key movements, including the Non-Cooperation Movement, the Civil Disobedience Movement, and the Quit India Movement. His vision of a free India was not just political liberation but also social and economic upliftment, laying the groundwork for a modern, secular, and democratic nation.
Prime Ministership and Vision for India
Upon India’s independence in 1947, Nehru became the nation’s first Prime Minister. His tenure was marked by significant efforts to build a unified and progressive country out of the fragments left by colonial rule. Nehru’s vision encompassed several core areas:—
(1) Humanism
Nehru’s humanism was deeply influenced by his exposure to Western liberal thought and his association with the Indian freedom struggle. He believed in the intrinsic dignity of the individual and was committed to the principles of equality, justice, and compassion. Nehru’s humanism was evident in his approach to governance, where he sought to uplift the marginalized and ensure that every individual had the opportunity to realize their potential. His policies on land reforms, education, and social welfare were driven by a desire to create a just and equitable society.
(2) On Science
Nehru was a fervent advocate of scientific temper and believed that science and technology were essential for India’s progress. He established institutions like the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to foster scientific research and technological innovation. Nehru’s vision was to harness science for development, eradicate poverty, and improve the quality of life. He promoted a culture of rationality and empirical inquiry, encouraging Indians to embrace modernity and reject superstition and obscurantism.
(3) Nationalism
Nehru’s nationalism was inclusive and pluralistic. He envisioned India as a secular, democratic republic where diverse cultures and religions could coexist harmoniously. Nehru’s nationalism was not just about political independence but also about economic self-reliance and social justice. He was instrumental in framing the Constitution of India, which enshrines the values of liberty, equality, and fraternity. Nehru’s idea of nationalism was forward-looking, emphasizing the need for unity and solidarity among India’s diverse population to build a strong and prosperous nation.
(4) Secularism
Secularism was a cornerstone of Nehru’s political philosophy. He believed that religion was a personal matter and should not interfere with the affairs of the state. Nehru’s secularism was not anti-religion but was aimed at ensuring that all citizens, irrespective of their religious beliefs, were treated equally by the state. He sought to build a nation where people of all faiths could coexist without fear of discrimination or persecution. Nehru’s secular policies were reflected in his support for the Uniform Civil Code and his opposition to communal politics.
(5) Socialism
Nehru’s socialism was rooted in his commitment to social justice and economic equity. Influenced by Fabian socialism, he advocated for a mixed economy where both the public and private sectors played complementary roles. Nehru’s economic policies focused on state-led industrialization, land reforms, and the establishment of a welfare state. He believed that the state had a crucial role in planning and directing economic development to ensure that the benefits of growth were distributed equitably. Nehru’s vision of socialism was aimed at reducing poverty, eliminating exploitation, and creating a more just society.
Notably, the Indian brand of socialism is ‘democratic socialism,’ distinct from ‘communistic socialism’ or ‘state socialism,’ which entails the nationalization of all means of production and distribution and the abolition of private property. Democratic socialism, in contrast, embraces a mixed economy where both public and private sectors coexist. According to the Supreme Court of India, ‘democratic socialism aims to end poverty, ignorance, disease, and inequality of opportunity.’ Indian socialism is a unique blend of Marxism and Gandhism, with a significant leaning towards Gandhian principles.
From Marxism, it adopts the critique of capitalism and the emphasis on reducing economic inequalities. Gandhian socialism, however, emphasizes non-violence, self-reliance, and the upliftment of rural India. It advocates for the development of small-scale industries and agriculture, ensuring that the rural populace can sustain itself independently. This blend results in an approach that balances economic growth with social justice, ensuring that the benefits of development reach all sections of society.
While Marxism provides a framework for addressing structural economic issues, Gandhism infuses it with a humane and moral approach, focusing on the well-being of individuals and communities. Thus, Indian democratic socialism seeks to build an inclusive and equitable society by combining economic dynamism with social welfare, aiming to create a balanced development model that benefits all citizens.
(6) On Planning
Nehru was a strong proponent of planned economic development. He believed that a centralized planning mechanism was essential to coordinate the efforts of various sectors and regions to achieve balanced growth. Under his leadership, the Planning Commission was established, and India embarked on its journey of Five-Year Plans. These plans focused on key areas such as agriculture, industry, infrastructure, and social services. Nehru’s emphasis on planning was aimed at achieving self-sufficiency, reducing dependence on foreign aid, and accelerating the pace of economic development.
(7) Freedom of Press
Nehru was a staunch defender of the freedom of the press. He believed that a free and independent press was essential for the functioning of a democratic society. Nehru encouraged open debate and criticism, recognizing that dissent was a vital component of democracy. However, he also faced challenges in balancing press freedom with the need to maintain public order and national security. Nehru’s tenure saw instances of press censorship during times of crisis, but overall, he remained committed to upholding the freedom of expression and the role of the media in holding the government accountable.
(8) Statesman and Idealist
Nehru was not just a politician but a visionary statesman and idealist. His leadership during the formative years of India’s independence was marked by a deep commitment to democratic values, social justice, and internationalism. Nehru’s ideals were reflected in his efforts to build a secular, socialist, and democratic India. He navigated complex challenges with pragmatism, balancing idealism with the realities of governance. Nehru’s statesmanship was evident in his foreign policy, where he championed the cause of peace, disarmament, and non-alignment.
(9) International Outlook
Nehru’s international outlook was shaped by his belief in the principles of peaceful coexistence and mutual respect. He envisioned India playing a proactive role in promoting global peace and cooperation. Nehru was a vocal advocate for decolonization and supported liberation movements across Asia and Africa. He believed that India, with its rich cultural heritage and commitment to democratic values, could serve as a bridge between the East and the West. Nehru’s foreign policy was characterized by an emphasis on diplomacy, dialogue, and multilateralism.
(10) Non-Alignment
One of Nehru’s most significant contributions to international politics was the doctrine of non-alignment. In the context of the Cold War, Nehru advocated for a foreign policy that was independent and non-aligned with either the United States or the Soviet Union. The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) emerged as a coalition of countries that sought to avoid entanglement in the superpower rivalry and pursue an independent path of development. Nehru’s non-alignment policy aimed at preserving India’s sovereignty, promoting peace, and fostering cooperation among developing nations.
(11) Panchsheel
Nehru, along with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai, formulated the Panchsheel or Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. These principles included mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, mutual non-interference in internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence. Panchsheel became the cornerstone of India’s foreign policy and reflected Nehru’s commitment to maintaining peaceful and cooperative relations with neighboring countries. Despite the later conflict with China, Panchsheel remains a testament to Nehru’s vision of a world order based on justice and equality.
Nehru’s Thoughts: Their Relevance to the Present
Nehru’s thoughts and ideas continue to hold relevance in contemporary India. His emphasis on democracy, secularism, and social justice remains foundational to India’s political and social fabric. In an era marked by increasing polarization and communal tensions, Nehru’s vision of a pluralistic and inclusive society serves as a guiding light. His advocacy for scientific temper and rationality is crucial in combating superstition and promoting innovation in the modern age.
Recognition with the Bharat Ratna
The decision to award Nehru the Bharat Ratna in 1955 was a recognition of his unparalleled contributions to India. President Rajendra Prasad, in awarding the honor, highlighted the exceptional service Nehru had rendered to the nation. Prasad’s statement, “I am taking this step on my own initiative,” underscored the unique and significant impact Nehru had on the country. It was an acknowledgment of his leadership in guiding India through the initial, challenging years of independence and setting it on a path of development and modernization.
Nehru’s Legacy
Nehru’s legacy is multi-faceted and continues to influence India profoundly:
(A.) Institution Building:— The institutions Nehru established have continued to evolve and grow, contributing significantly to India’s progress. The IITs, IIMs, and AIIMS are globally recognized for their excellence in education and research.
(a) Educational Institutions
- Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs):— Nehru’s vision for a technologically advanced India led to the establishment of the Indian Institutes of Technology. The first IIT was set up in Kharagpur in 1951, followed by others in Mumbai, Chennai, Kanpur, and Delhi. These institutions were modeled after the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and aimed to provide world-class technical education and foster innovation and research. Today, IITs are recognized globally for their excellence in engineering and technology education.
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS):— Inaugurated in 1956, AIIMS in New Delhi was established to address the need for high-quality medical education and healthcare in India. It was envisioned as a center of excellence in medical education, research, and patient care. AIIMS has since become a premier medical institution in India, known for its advanced medical research and training of healthcare professionals.
- University Grants Commission (UGC):— Established in 1956, the UGC was set up to coordinate, determine, and maintain standards of higher education in India. It provides recognition to universities in India and disburses funds to these institutions. The UGC played a pivotal role in expanding higher education and ensuring quality standards across universities in the country.
- Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs):— Nehru’s foresight in recognizing the importance of management education led to the establishment of the Indian Institutes of Management. The first IIM was set up in Calcutta in 1961, followed by IIM Ahmedabad in 1961. These institutions have since become premier business schools, providing high-quality management education and producing some of the finest business leaders and entrepreneurs in the country.
- National Institutes of Technology (NITs):— Originally known as Regional Engineering Colleges (RECs), these institutions were established in the 1960s to address the regional disparities in technical education. Nehru’s vision was to create centers of excellence in engineering education across various regions of India. Today, these institutions, known as NITs, are among the top engineering colleges in India, contributing significantly to the technical workforce.
(b) Scientific Institutions
- Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO):— While ISRO was formally established in 1969, its roots can be traced back to Nehru’s vision and the establishment of the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) in 1962 under the leadership of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai. Nehru’s support for space research laid the foundation for India’s space program, which has achieved significant milestones, including satellite launches, lunar missions, and interplanetary exploration.
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR):— CSIR was established in 1942, but it was under Nehru’s leadership that it expanded significantly. CSIR is a network of 38 national laboratories and 39 field stations across India, engaged in various areas of scientific and industrial research. It has been instrumental in advancing scientific knowledge and developing technologies for industrial growth and societal benefit.
- Atomic Energy Commission (AEC):— Nehru’s belief in the potential of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes led to the establishment of the Atomic Energy Commission in 1948. Under the leadership of Dr. Homi J. Bhabha, AEC focused on harnessing nuclear energy for power generation, medical applications, and scientific research. This laid the groundwork for India’s advancements in nuclear technology and energy self-sufficiency.
(c) Socio-Economic Institutions
- Planning Commission:— The Planning Commission was established in March 15, 1950 to formulate and oversee the implementation of India’s Five-Year Plans. Nehru believed in the importance of centralized planning for balanced economic development. The Planning Commission played a crucial role in directing resources towards key sectors such as agriculture, industry, infrastructure, and social services, contributing to India’s economic growth and development.
- National Development Council (NDC):— The National Development Council (NDC) was established by Jawaharlal Nehru in August 6, 1952. It was created to strengthen and mobilize efforts and resources for national development and to provide a platform for cooperative federalism. The NDC included the Prime Minister, Union Cabinet Ministers, Chief Ministers of all states, and members of the Planning Commission. Its primary function was to review the country’s development plans and policies, and to ensure their effective implementation by fostering collaboration between the central and state governments. The NDC played a pivotal role in shaping India’s Five-Year Plans and promoting balanced socio-economic growth.
- LIC : Life Insurance Corporation of India:—
The Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) was established on September 1, 1956. It was created following the nationalization of the life insurance sector in India through the Life Insurance of India Act, 1956. The aim was to spread the message of life insurance widely and in particular to the rural areas, and to provide financial security to the policyholders.
LIC has played a crucial role in the economic development of India by mobilizing small savings and channeling them into productive investments. It provides a variety of life insurance policies catering to different segments of society, promoting social security and financial inclusion. Over the decades, LIC has become one of the largest and most trusted life insurance companies in India, contributing significantly to nation-building by investing in infrastructure and social projects.
(d) Cultural Institutions
- Sangeet Natak Akademi:— Established in 1953, the Sangeet Natak Akademi was set up to promote music, dance, and drama in India. Nehru recognized the importance of preserving and promoting India’s rich cultural heritage. The Akademi has been instrumental in nurturing and promoting traditional and contemporary performing arts in India.
- Lalit Kala Akademi:— Founded in 1954, the Lalit Kala Akademi aims to promote and propagate understanding of Indian art, both within and outside the country. It provides a platform for artists to showcase their work and fosters artistic creativity and innovation.
- Sahitya Akademi:— Established in 1954, the Sahitya Akademi promotes literature in the various languages of India. It supports writers and translators, organizes literary events, and recognizes literary excellence through awards. The Akademi plays a crucial role in fostering literary culture and preserving linguistic diversity.
(e) Industrial and Economic Institutions
- Heavy Engineering Corporation (HEC):— Established in 1958, HEC was one of the first public sector enterprises set up to support India’s industrialization efforts. It played a crucial role in building infrastructure and manufacturing equipment for key sectors such as steel, mining, and power. Nehru envisioned such enterprises as the ‘temples of modern India’ that would drive economic growth and self-reliance.
- Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL):— HAL, established in 1940 and expanded post-independence, played a vital role in India’s aerospace and defense sectors. Nehru’s vision for a self-reliant India included the development of indigenous capabilities in aircraft manufacturing and aerospace technology. HAL has been instrumental in producing aircraft, helicopters, and advanced avionics for India’s defense and civil aviation needs.
(f) Social Welfare Institutions
- Central Social Welfare Board (CSWB):— Established in 1953, the CSWB aimed to promote social welfare activities and improve the conditions of women and children in India. It supported voluntary organizations working in the fields of health, education, and social services. Nehru’s emphasis on social welfare was driven by his commitment to creating a just and equitable society.
- Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR):— Founded in 1969, ICSSR was established to promote research in social sciences and facilitate collaboration among researchers and institutions. Nehru’s recognition of the importance of social sciences in understanding and addressing societal issues led to the creation of this institution, which supports research projects, fellowships, and publications in various social science disciplines.
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR):— Established in 1929 and reorganized post-independence, ICAR played a pivotal role in transforming Indian agriculture. Under Nehru’s leadership, ICAR focused on research, education, and extension activities to improve agricultural productivity and sustainability. It contributed to the Green Revolution, which significantly increased food production and ensured food security in India.
(B.) Economic Policies:— Nehru’s vision of a mixed economy laid the groundwork for India’s economic policies, balancing between public sector enterprises and private industry. His emphasis on industrialization has propelled India towards becoming a major global economy.
- Mixed Economy Model:
Nehru believed in a mixed economy where both the public and private sectors would coexist. He saw the public sector as the engine of economic growth, particularly in industries critical to national development, while the private sector would operate in areas where it could effectively contribute. - Five-Year Plans:
Under Nehru’s leadership, India adopted the Soviet-inspired Five-Year Plans to guide economic development. The First Five-Year Plan (1951-1956) focused on agriculture and irrigation, aiming to increase food production and tackle the severe food shortages post-independence. The Second Five-Year Plan (1956-1961) emphasized industrialization, particularly heavy industries, and infrastructure development. - Land Reforms:
Nehru’s government undertook land reforms to redistribute land to the landless and reduce rural inequality. Although the implementation varied across states, these reforms aimed to abolish feudal practices and improve agricultural productivity. - Agricultural Development:
While industrialization was a priority, Nehru also focused on improving agricultural productivity. Initiatives like the Community Development Program and the Intensive Agriculture District Program aimed to modernize agriculture through better farming techniques, irrigation projects, and rural development. - Self-Reliance:
Nehru’s economic policy emphasized self-reliance and reducing dependence on foreign imports. The focus was on building indigenous industrial and technological capabilities, promoting domestic industries, and fostering economic independence. - Social Justice:
Nehru’s vision for economic development was closely tied to social justice. He aimed to reduce poverty, improve living standards, and address social inequalities through inclusive growth and equitable distribution of resources.
(C.) Social Reforms:— Nehru’s commitment to social justice and equality led to several important reforms. His efforts to eradicate caste-based discrimination and promote gender equality were foundational for India’s social fabric.
After Ambedkar’s resignation, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru took up the mantle of pushing the reforms forward. Nehru was a firm believer in gender equality and social justice and saw the Hindu Code Bill as a crucial step towards modernizing Indian society. He understood the importance of these reforms not only for the upliftment of women but also for the overall progress of the nation.
- Passage of the Hindu Code Bill Under Nehru’s leadership, the Hindu Code Bill was divided into four separate bills to make it more palatable to the opposition and to ensure its passage. These four bills were:
- Hindu Marriage Act, 1955:— This act provided for the conditions of a valid marriage, the grounds for divorce, and the rights of maintenance and alimony.
- Hindu Succession Act, 1956:— This act aimed to reform the law relating to intestate succession among Hindus, granting equal inheritance rights to daughters.
- Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956:— This act defined the guardianship of Hindu minors and aimed to ensure the welfare of children.
- Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956:— This act standardized the process of adoption and laid down the obligations of maintenance of children, wives, and dependents.
- Impact and Legacy
The passage of these acts marked a significant step forward in the legal empowerment of Hindu women. By codifying and reforming Hindu personal laws, the acts provided women with greater legal protection and rights, contributing to their socio-economic development. The reforms also set a precedent for subsequent legal reforms aimed at improving the status of women in India.
(D.) International Relations:— Nehru’s policy of non-alignment and his efforts to promote global peace and cooperation have had a lasting impact on India’s foreign relations. India continues to be an influential player on the international stage, advocating for the principles of peace, non-violence, and cooperation.
- Establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
Nehru was instrumental in the formation of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in 1961, along with leaders like Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, and Sukarno of Indonesia. NAM became a platform for countries that did not want to align with either the US-led Western bloc or the Soviet-led Eastern bloc. The first NAM conference was held in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, in 1961, and it laid the foundation for the principles of non-alignment. - Principles of Non-Alignment
- Sovereignty and Independence:— Nehru’s primary goal was to preserve India’s sovereignty and independence in international affairs. By not aligning with any major power bloc, India could make decisions based on its national interests rather than being influenced by superpowers.
- Peaceful Coexistence:— Nehru believed in promoting peace and security through dialogue, diplomacy, and cooperation. This principle was embedded in the Panchsheel Agreement, which outlined five principles of peaceful coexistence, signed between India and China in 1954.
- Support for Decolonization:— Non-alignment also entailed support for countries striving for independence from colonial rule. Nehru was a vocal advocate for decolonization and provided moral and diplomatic support to liberation movements across Asia and Africa.
- International Justice:— Nehru sought to promote international justice and equality. He believed in the United Nations as a platform for resolving conflicts and addressing global issues, advocating for a world order based on law and justice rather than might.
Jawaharlal Nehru’s receipt of the Bharat Ratna in 1955 was a well-deserved recognition of his exceptional contributions to India’s freedom struggle, nation-building, and his vision for a modern, democratic, and secular India. His legacy, encapsulated in the numerous educational, scientific, and socio-economic institutions he established, continues to serve as the backbone of India’s development. Nehru’s foresight, leadership, and commitment to the ideals of democracy, secularism, and social justice have left an indelible mark on the nation, making him one of the most revered figures in Indian history. His contributions continue to inspire and guide India towards realizing the vision of a prosperous, equitable, and progressive society.